ganggouren
通过学习新加坡BCA发布的PPVC guidebook，对模块化建筑的设计、施工、制造、安全、法规等有一个总得认知。
Contents目录
第一章
简介
第二章
应用的前置条件和关键点
2.1 承包商的早期介入
2.2 PPVC模块的类型
2.3 运输
2.4 模块的配置
2.5 起重机械
2.6 钢筋混凝土模块和钢结构模块的对比
Chapter 3 第三章
设计要素
3.1 建筑设计方面的考虑
3.1.1 模块化
3.1.2 早期的协调
3.1.3 平面模数
3.1.4 剖面模数
3.1.5 垂直和水平对准
3.1.6 模块间的防水
3.1.7 施工误差的考虑
3.2 结构设计注意事项
3.2.1 结构建模
3.2.2 垂直模块连接
3.2.3 水平模块连接
3.2.4 结构稳定
3.2.5 模块和人防工程连接
3.2.6 模块结构设计
3.2.7 定期结构检测
3.3 MEP 的设计
3.3.1 电气
3.3.2 防雷
3.3.3 给排水
3.3.4 卫浴
3.3.5 暖通空调
3.3.6 燃气
3.4 消防
3.4.1 防火分区
3.4.2 材料使用的合规性
Chapter 4 第四章
模块制造
4.1 钢筋混凝土模块
4.1.1 工艺流程
4.1.2 结构和MEP
4.1.3 装修和MEP工作
4.2 钢结构模块
4.2.1 装配图
4.2.2 组装流程
Chapter 5 第五章
保护、运输、吊装
5.1 运输计划
5.2 包装、保护、标签
5.3 模块盖（临时或永久）
Chapter 6 第六章
项目管理
6.1 工程地点及邻近区域
6.2 交通管理
6.3 对“准时”的管理
6.4 起重机械
6.5 安全
Chapter 7 第七章
装配
7.1 出入口
7.2 垂直和水平对齐
7.3 模块安装顺序
7.4 安全
Chapter 8第八章
关键点控制和质量检查
8.1 质检
8.1.1 钢筋混凝土模块
8.1.2 钢结构模块
8.2 结构验收
8.3 MEP验收
8.4 装修验收
Chapter 9 第九章
维修、更换、翻新
9.1 翻新
9.1.1 房主用户手册
Chapter 10第十章
规则
10.1 监管机构列表
10.2 PPVC最低水平的预制率
10.3 审计
10.4 诚信守则
10.5 安全设计
10.5.1 门禁管理
10.5.2 防坠落措施
10.5.3 模块安装与对准
10.5.4 资源
Appendix 附录
在建和已完工项目案例
“All content used herein is for non-profit educational purposes. Where possible, all credit has been given to the respective owners or creators of the content.”
“本网站所有内容均为非牟利教育用途。在可能的情况下，所有的荣誉都属于内容的所有者或创建者。”
Chapter 1
Introduction
To raise construction productivity and fundamentally change the design and construction processes, the industry is encouraged to embrace the concept of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA), where construction is designed and detailed for a substantial portion of work to be done off-site in a controlled manufacturing environment.
为了提高施工效率，从根本上改变设计和施工流程，我们鼓励业界采用“为制造和装配而设计”(DfMA)的概念，即在受控的制造环境下，为大量需要在场外完成的工作进行施工设计和详细说明。
DfMA is a new approach in the construction industry. By planning more works offsite, manpower and time needed to construct buildings are reduced, while ensuring work sites are safe, conducive and have minimal impact on the surrounding living environment. The use of prefabrication methods in construction has been promoted as a way to improve productivity in a traditionally manpower-intensive industry.
DfMA是建筑业的一种新方法。通过规划更多工地以外的工程，可减少建造楼宇所需的人力和时间，同时确保工地安全、有利，并对周围的居住环境造成最小的影响。在传统的人力密集型行业中，预制方法的使用已被作为一种提高生产率的方法而得到推广。
Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction (PPVC) is one of the game-changing technologies that support the DfMA concept to significantly speed up construction. Modular is a general construction term to describe the use of technology that facilitates off-site manufacturing. Complete modules made of multiple units complete with internal finishes, fixtures and fittings are manufactured in factories,and are then transported to site for installation in a Lego-like manner. In the hierarchy of DfMA methodologies, PPVC is one of the most efficient and complete principles in improving productivity.
预制件预成品体积建造(PPVC)是一种改变游戏规则的技术，支持DfMA概念，以显著加快建设。模块化是一个通用的构造术语，用于描述促进非现场制造的技术的使用。由多个单元组成的完整模块，包括内部饰面、固定装置和配件，在工厂生产，然后运到现场以乐高式的方式进行安装。在DfMA方法论的层次结构中，PPVC是提高生产力的最有效和最完整的原则之一。
In this book, the DfMA methodology on PPVC and the benefits reaped will be discussed so that there is better knowledge and capability in the adoption and implementation of PPVC.
在这本书中，DfMA方法论的PPVC和收获的好处将被讨论，以便有更好的知识和能力采用和实施PPVC。
Pushing for Higher-end DfMA Technologies
推动高端DfMA技术
Comparison
对比
CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION
常规施工
In a traditional manpower-intensive industry, most of the trade works involving structural, architectural, MEP and interior finishing works are constructed and installed on site.
在一个传统的人力密集型行业，涉及结构、建筑、环保和室内装饰的大部分贸易工程都是在现场建造和安装的。
PREFABRICATED PREFINISHED VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION (PPVC)
预制预制体结构(PPVC)
“Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction (PPVC)” means a construction method whereby free-standing volumetric modules (complete with finishes for walls, floors and ceilings) are:
“预制预制体积施工(PPVC)”系指独立的体积模块(包括墙、地板和天花板饰面):
a. constructed and assembled; or构建和组装;或
b. manufactured and assembled,制造和组装,
in an accredited fabrication facility, in accordance with any accredited fabrication method, and then installed in a building under building works.
在认可的制造设施内，按照任何认可的制造方法，然后安装在建筑物内进行建筑工程。
Benefits of PPVC
PPVC的好处
PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT
提高生产力
• Fabrication of PPVC can proceed in parallel in the factory while other worksite activities are ongoing to streamline the construction process.
PPVC的制造可以在工厂中并行进行，而其他现场活动正在进行，以简化施工过程。
• The on-site construction activities can be significantly reduced through the use of PPVC.
使用PPVC可以显著减少现场施工活动。
• It can potentially achieve a productivity improvement of more than 40% in terms of manpower on site and more than 20% time savings, depending on the complexity of the projects.
视乎工程项目的复杂程度而定，就现场人力而言，这项计划可提高超过40%的生产力及节省超过20%的时间。
BETTER CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENT
更好的建筑环境
• As more activities are done off-site, a reduction of environment pollution can be ensured as dust and noise pollution are potentially minimised.
由于更多的活动是在场外进行的，因此可以确保减少环境污染，将粉尘和噪音污染降到最低。
• Disamenities to the surrounding neighbourhoods during construction can be diminished.
在建设过程中，可以减少对周围社区的不良影响。
• Prefabrication of the building modules also leads to cleaner worksites by generating less overall construction waste on-site.
预制的建筑模块还通过产生更少的建筑垃圾，使工地更清洁。
REDUCTION OF ON-SITE MANPOWER
减少现场人力
• This will enhance worksite safety and direct the manpower to better working conditions. More construction off-site leads to less time on-site and fewer individual man-hours working at height.
这将加强工地的安全，并指引人力改善工作条件。更多的非现场施工导致现场时间减少，个人高空作业工时减少。
• By reducing construction and installation activities and manpower from the site, and placing them off-site in a controlled factory environment, fewer workers will be on site which in turn leads to fewer accidents and less downtime.
通过减少工地上的建筑和安装活动和人力，并将其放在一个受控的工厂环境下，更少的工人在现场，从而减少事故和停工时间。
BETTER QUALITY CONTROL
较好质量控制
• PPVC delivers the majority of the final product from the controlled factory environment leading to increased reliability with higher-quality finishing.
PPVC从受控的工厂环境中交付大部分最终产品，从而提高了可靠性和更高质量的精加工。
• Sequence of work can be planned more efficiently with better logistics coordination.
更好的物流协调，可以更有效地规划工作顺序。
PPVC can be considered for multi-room accommodations such as:
多房间住宿可以考虑使用PPVC，例如:
• Residences住宅
• Institutions办公
• Hotels and hostels酒店
• Nursing homes护理中心
• Dormitories学生宿舍
Chapter 2 第二章
PPVC Considerations and Key Factors
PPVC筹划及关键点
2.1 Early Involvement of Contractors
承包商的早期参与
• Given that each PPVC Fabricator has their own proprietary system for the manufacture of PPVC modules, it is highly encouraged to engage the PPVC Fabricator as well as the Main Contractor early upfront during the design stage to allow their inputs into the design for a better and more effective technical solution.
鉴于每个PPVC制作者有自己的专有系统制造PPVC模块,它是高度鼓励从事PPVC制作者以及主要承包商早期的前期设计阶段期间,允许他们输入到设计一个更好的和更有效的技术解决方案。
• The Design and Build (D&B) and Design Development and Build (DDB) procurement models can be adopted for PPVC projects as they allow greater inputs into the design upfront by the Main Contractor and their PPVC Fabricators. This will vastly increase the buildability and constructability of the PPVC design, leading to greater productivity in construction.
设计和建造(D&B)和设计开发和建造(DDB)采购模型可以被采用在PPVC项目中，因为它们允许主承包商和他们的PPVC制造商在前期对设计进行更多的投入。这将极大地提高PPVC设计的可建造性和可施工性，从而提高施工生产率。
2.2 Types of PPVC Modules
PPVC模块的类型
The choice of material will dictate the size and number of modules in the design as weight is a major consideration for the hoisting of the modules.
材料的选择将决定模块的尺寸和数量，因为重量是提升模块的主要考虑因素。
Other major factors will involve logistics of transportation, site layout and holding area, crane or hoisting position.
其他主要因素包括运输的物流、场地布局和存放区域、起重机或吊装位置。
2.3 Transportation运输
Logistics for modules transportation from factory to site will determine the maximum size and volume of each module design, which in turn affects the number of modules to complete the layout design.
模块从工厂到现场的运输物流决定了每个模块设计的最大尺寸和体积，进而影响到完成布局设计的模块数量。
The size of a single module should be limited to the dimensions allowed to be transported on public road without requiring special measures such as police escort. Height consideration has to be factored in if the route involves passing through overhead bridges.
单个模块的大小应限制在允许在公共道路上运输的尺寸范围内，而不需要采取诸如警察护送等特殊措施。如果路线涉及通过天桥，就必须考虑到高度。
In compliance to LTA‘s traffic regulatory requirements, Police Escort will not be required, when the parameters are controlled.
根据LTA的交通规管要求，当参数受控制时，将不需要警察护送。
Existing road configuration around the site has to be analyzed for the maneuvering and holding of the modules. The deliveries have to be planned and coordinated to avoid congestion outside the site especially for urban built-up areas.
场地周围现有的道路结构必须进行分析，以确定车辆的操纵和控制。运输必须经过规划和协调，以避免现场以外的拥堵，尤其是城市建成区。
Figure: Transportation truck.(Note: Dimensions are for reference only.)尺寸仅供参考
2.4 Configuration of PPVC Modules模块组合
The modules are configured according to the design layout. The geometry of the modules can be simplified to design for ease of production.
模块根据设计布局进行配置。模块的几何形状可以简化为易于生产的设计。
The number of modules will vary, depending on the residential unit typology (Studio, 1 to 5 rooms). Total number of modules can typically range from 1 to 8 numbers per unit.
根据住宅单元类型(工作室，1到5个房间)，模块的数量会有所不同。模块的总数通常可以从每个单元1到8个数字。
Demarcation of a typical unit module with reference to plan below is as follows:
参照以下方案划分典型单元模块如下:
• Module A: LRDIN (Living and Dining Room)单元A: LRDIN(客厅与餐厅)
• Module B: B2-IBB (Bedroom 2 with In-built Bathroom)模块B: B2-IBB(2号卧室，自带浴室)
• Module C: MB-IBB (Master Bedroom with In- built Bathroom)C模块:MB-IBB(带内置浴室的主卧)
• Module D: KIT (Kitchen)模块D: KIT(厨房)
Figure: Example of A Typical 2-Bedroom Unit Modules (Plan View)典型的两间卧室单元模块示例(平面视图)
Figure : Example of A Typical 2-Bedroom Unit Modules (3D View)典型的2居室单元模块示例(3D视图)
Modules can be configured to meet the functional requirements of the building. A typical bedroom of a nursing home can constitute a total of 4 standard modules, to achieve the functional requirements.
可配置模块，满足建筑的功能需求。养老院一间典型的卧室可共构成4个标准模块，实现功能需求。
Demarcation of a typical unit module with reference to plan below is as follows:
参照以下方案划分典型单元模块如下:
• Module A: 1MA
• Module B: 1MB
• Module C: 1MC
• Module D: 1MD
Figure: Example of Typical Bedroom at Woodlands Nursing Home (Plan View)
伍德兰疗养院典型卧室的例子(平面视图)
Plan Courtesy of Dragages (Singapore) Pte Ltd
图由拖拉(新加坡)私人有限公司提供
Figure: Example of Woodlands Nursing Home PPVC modules (3D View), combined to form a bedroom林地疗养院的PPVC模块(3D视图)，组合成卧室
3D Courtesy of Dragages (Singapore) Pte Ltd
3D由Dragages(新加坡)Pte有限公司提供
Figure: Photo of a completed Typical Bedroom at Woodlands Nursing Home (with seamless wall and floor joints)
伍德兰疗养院的一个完整的典型卧室的照片(无缝的墙和地板连接)
Photographs Courtesy of Dragages (Singapore) Pte Ltd
照片由Dragages(新加坡)Pte有限公司提供
2.5 Type of Hoisting Machinery起重机械类型
Sizing and arrangement of cranes on a site will be dictated by the total lift weight of the module and the reach of the crane.
工地上的起重机的尺寸和布置将由模块的总起重重量和起重机的距离来决定。
Below are some generic information on the type of cranes available.
下面是一些关于起重机类型的通用信息。
Note: Actual crane requirement and capacity shall vary according to the site condition and to be obtained from the crane specialist accordingly.
实际的吊车需求和能力应根据现场情况而有所不同，并由吊车专家提供相应信息。
2.6 Comparison of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Module and Steel Module
钢筋混凝土模组与钢模组的比较
Note: For reference only.
Chapter 3
Design Considerations
第三章 设计要素
3.1 Architectural Design Considerations
建筑设计要素
3.1.1 Modularisation
模块化
• At the unit layout planning and design stage, the PPVC modularisation must be undertaken in tandem with the unit layout design as early as possible. Early PPVC vendor’s and engineer’s involvement will be beneficial to the project. The modularisation is largely affected by the configuration, sizes, dimensions, weights of PPVC modules and ease of transportation.
在单元布局规划和设计阶段，PPVC的模块化必须与单元布局设计一起尽早进行。早期PPVC供应商和工程师的参与将对项目有益。模块化很大程度上受到PPVC模块的配置、尺寸、尺寸、重量和运输方便程度的影响。
• The weight of module in turn depends on the choice of PPVC material type, level of finishing, etc. The transportability of modules would be influenced by the planned delivery routes (i.e. from off-site prefabrication plants to the construction site) and types of trailers available in the industry.
模块的重量依次取决于PPVC材料类型的选择，加工水平等。模块的可运输性将受到计划交货路线(即从现场外的预制工厂到建筑工地)和行业中可用拖车类型的影响。
Figure: Example of PPVC modularisation during planning stage (Residential Block Plan)规划阶段PPVC模块化的例子(住宅大厦平面图)
3.1.2 Early Coordination
早期的协调
• Early coordination among Developer, Architect, Structural Engineer and MEP Engineer, Builder and PPVC specialist are essential as this will allow the team to look into the key design aspects upfront including layout design, floor and ceiling height, etc.
开发人员、建筑师、结构工程师、MEP工程师、施工人员和PPVC专家之间的早期协调至关重要，因为这样可以让团队提前了解关键的设计方面，包括布局设计、地板和天花板高度等。
• With proper upfront planning to integrate PPVC into the design layout, unique designs and different building features such as curved facade and non rectangular layout can be achieved.
通过适当的前期规划，将PPVC整合到设计布局中，可以实现独特的设计和不同的建筑特征，如曲面立面和非矩形布局。
• To consider the removable of non-structural partitioning wall in design for future renovation.
在未来的改造设计中考虑非结构隔断墙的可拆除性。
3.1.3 Dimension on Plan
平面尺度
• To ensure the layout plan design comply with regulatory requirements.
确保发展蓝图的设计符合监管规定。
• To ensure the size of modules allow transportation from factory to site.
确保模块的尺寸能够从工厂运输到现场。
Figure: Typical 2-Bedroom Unit Modules.
典型的2卧室单元模块。
3.1.4 Dimension on Section
立面尺度
• To ensure the floor-to-floor height comply with regulatory requirements.
确保楼层高度符合法规要求。
• To ensure the size of modules allow transportation from factory to site.
确保模块的尺寸能够从工厂运输到现场。
• To comply with regulatory requirements of ceiling height.
符合管制规定的天花板高度。
• To consider the usage of single or double slabs.
考虑使用单板或双板。
• To maximise the useable room space and ceiling height.
尽量增加可用空间和天花板高度。
Figure: Typical Sectional Detail of Modules
模块的典型剖面细节
Note: For reference only.
注:只供参考。
3.1.5 Vertical and Horizontal Alignment
垂直和水平精度
• To consider the possible misalignment of floor, wall, ceiling at joints between modules.
考虑模块之间的连接处可能出现的地板、墙壁、天花板错位。
• To consider the interfacing details between PPVC modules and in-situ construction such as core walls, staircases, corridors, and other portions of buildings.
考虑PPVC模块和现场建筑(如核心墙、楼梯、走廊和建筑的其他部分)之间的接口细节。
Figure: Typical 2-bedroom Unit Plan
Figure: Typical Sectional Detail of Modules
模块的典型剖面细节
3.1.6 Water-Tightness Between Modules
模块间的水密性
• To consider the water-tightness details on vertical and horizontal joints of modules
考虑组件垂直和水平接头的水密性细节
Figure: Typical 2-bedroom Unit Plan
3.1.7 Consideration of Construction Tolerance
施工公差的考虑
• To consider and allow construction tolerance on vertical and horizontal joints of modules and in-situ part.
考虑并允许模块和现场部件的垂直和水平接缝的施工公差。
Figure: Vertical and Horizontal Joint
3.2 Structural Design Considerations
结构设计注意事项
3.2.1 Structural Modelling
结构建模
3D modeling of building structures shall be carried out using suitable computer analysis software. In situations where module columns or walls are abutting each other, such configuration should be considered in the 3D modeling.
使用合适的计算机分析软件对建筑结构进行三维建模。当模块柱或墙是相互毗邻的情况下，这种配置应在三维建模中考虑。
In addition to the permanent design action conditions, extra modeling should be carried out to the PPVC modules with the designated number of lifting points included as temporary conditions (i.e. during hoisting operation)
除了永久性的设计动作条件外，还应对PPVC模块进行额外的建模，包括指定的吊点数量，作为临时条件(即吊装操作期间)。
Figure: Structural Modeling For High Rise Building With PPVC
基于PPVC的高层建筑结构建模
3.2.2 Vertical Modules Connection
垂直模块连接
The vertical modules connection is crucial for the structural behaviour especially for high rise buildings. They have a direct effect on the building stiffness and its corresponding response under the wind, seismic (if applicable) and lateral design action conditions. Hence, the detailing of the PPVC vertical connection must satisfy the design intent.
垂直模块连接对结构性能至关重要，尤其是高层建筑。它们直接影响建筑的刚度和在风、地震(如果适用)和侧向设计作用条件下的相应响应。因此，PPVC垂直连接的详细设计必须满足设计意图。
Vertical joints are to be designed for eccentricity or imperfection in accordance with the Building Code Requirement.
垂直接缝应根据建筑规范的要求设计偏心或缺陷。
3.2.3 Horizontal Modules Connection
模块水平连接
The horizontal modules connection forming the floor diaphragm, are equally important, contributing to the overall building stiffness. In particular, the peripheral ties and internal ties shall be provided as per the Building Code Requirements. The PPVC modules and layout shall be laterally connected and designed such that the horizontal forces (e.g. wind load) can effectively be transferred to the building’s lateral load resisting system.
水平模块连接形成地板隔膜，同样重要，有助于整体建筑刚度。特别是，外围系带和内部系带应按照建筑规范的要求提供。PPVC模块和布局应横向连接，设计时应将水平力(如风荷载)有效地传递到建筑的抗横向荷载系统中。
Due to the repetitions, and as far as practicable, the horizontal joints should be designed in a manner that the implementation at site would be speedy and simple. A classic example for steel PPVC module joints is the bolting system, whereas in concrete PPVC on-site grouting of joints is common.
由于存在重复，在实际可行的情况下，水平缝的设计应使现场施工迅速、简便。钢PPVC模块节点的一个典型例子是螺栓系统，而混凝土PPVC节点的现场灌浆是常见的。
3.2.4 Structural Robustness
结构的稳定性
The design of PPVC building shall give due consideration to the scenario of sustaining an extent of localised failure without disproportionate collapse. The inter-connected volumetric system must be capable of redistributing the internal forces to the nearest load bearing elements such that progressive collapse is totally prevented.
PPVC建筑的设计应充分考虑到局部破坏的持续程度，而不会出现不成比例的倒塌。相互连接的体积系统必须能够重新分配内力到最近的承重单元，这样就可以完全防止逐步倒塌。
Provisions for structural robustness may involve providing effective horizontal and vertical ties, notional removal of one column / nominal section of wall or designing such elements as a “key element” or systematic risk assessment in accordance with the building’s Categorisation of Consequences Classes as per relevant EN 1991-1-7 provisions.
关于结构坚固性的规定可能包括提供有效的水平和垂直联系，在名义上拆除一柱/名义部分墙体，或根据相关EN 1991-1-7规定对建筑物的后果分类进行“关键元素”设计或系统风险评估。
3.2.5 Modules Connection To Civil Defence Shelter Wall
模块连接到民防掩体墙
It is mandatory for residential building projects to incorporate either Household Shelters (HS), Storey Shelters (SS) or Staircase Storey Shelters (SSS) as Civil Defence (CD) Shelter. In situation where PPVC modules are abutting the CD shelter, effective connection for load transfer between the abutting PPVC modules and CD shelter walls at each storey level is to be provided. The connection details should take into account the construction sequence of shelter walls, launching of precast staircase flights (for SSS), casting of shelter floor slab and installation of abutting PPVC module(s), hollow cores formed in the precast hollow core shelter walls, as well as the installation of steel reinforcement cages inside the hollow cores at site.
住宅建筑工程必须纳入家庭庇护所、楼层庇护所或楼梯层高庇护所作为民防庇护所。当PPVC模块与CD避风棚相连时，应在每一层提供连接PPVC模块与CD避风棚墙之间的有效的负荷转移连接。连接细节应该考虑保护墙的施工顺序,发射预制楼梯航班(SSS),铸造的住所楼板和安装对接PPVC模块(s),空心核形成的预制空心核心保护墙,以及钢筋笼的安装在空心核在网站。
Figure: Modules Connection to Civil Defense Shelter.模块连接到民防掩体。
Note: To Refer to Relevant Technical Requirements
注:参照相关技术要求
3.2.6 Structural Design of Modules
模块结构设计
In addition to the normal elemental design under the permanent design actions, it is necessary to carry out structural analysis of transient design situation (e.g. during handling in the prefabrication plant) to the PPVC modules considering the designated lifting points during hoisting and erection. Serviceability limit checks should be performed to prevent cracks to the concrete slab, walls or steel frame distortion during handling and transporting.
除了在永久设计作用下进行常规的基本设计外，还需要对PPVC模块进行瞬态设计情况(例如在预制车间的操作过程中)的结构分析，考虑吊装和安装过程中指定的吊装点。应进行使用能力极限检查，以防止在搬运和运输过程中混凝土板、墙壁的裂缝或钢框架变形。
The lifting points must be strategically positioned such that sufficient bond anchorage can be developed to hoist the entire module safely and that the load distribution to all lifting points is reasonably uniform. It is a good practice to hoist PPVC module with the aid of steel collar frame so that the module would not be subject to inclined forces from the lifting wires.
吊装点的位置必须有策略，以便开发足够的粘结锚固以安全地吊起整个模块，并使所有吊装点的载荷分布合理均匀。使用钢项圈架来提升PPVC模块是一个很好的做法，这样模块就不会受到来自提升线的倾斜力的影响。
Broadly there are two types of framing system for concrete PPVC modules, namely:
广义上，混凝土PPVC模块有两种框架系统，即:
a. Beam-Column system, in which the beam profiles may be visible without false ceiling.
梁柱系统，梁的轮廓可以看到，没有假天花板。
b. Slab-Shear wall system, in which no beam is required for the module framing
板式剪力墙体系，模块框架不需要横梁
Figure : Modules with Lifting Collar Frame and Hooks
3.2.7 Periodic Structural Inspection (PSI)
定期结构检查
Periodic Structural Inspection (PSI) is a requirement for all buildings, be it steel or concrete. However, for Steel PPVC modules, there is an additional access panels with inspection points required to conduct the inspection on critical structures such as steel beams and column joints. These inspection points and the proposed inspection methodologies shall be identified at the onset and be included in the structural plans for fabrication and for authority submission.
定期结构检查(PSI)是所有建筑的要求，无论是钢结构还是混凝土结构。然而，对于钢制PPVC模块，还需要额外的带有检查点的访问面板来对关键结构进行检查，如钢梁和柱节点。这些检查点和拟议的检查方法应在一开始就确定，并包括在制造和提交的结构计划中。
To minimise the inconvenience to the building occupiers when the Structural Inspector conducts the inspection in future, these inspection points shall be strategically planned and located at areas that are discreet such as balconies, ac ledges, kitchens or common corridors.
为尽量减少结构检查员在日后进行检查时对楼宇使用者造成的不便，这些检查点须有策略地规划，并设于不显眼的地方，例如阳台、空调架、厨房或共用走廊。
Figure: Example of PSI Point Provision
Photographs Courtesy of Surbana Jurong Pte Ltd and Moderna Homes Pte Ltd
照片由Surbana Jurong Pte Ltd和Moderna Homes Pte Ltd提供
3.3 Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) Design Considerations
机械、电气和管道(MEP)设计考虑
TYPICAL MEP SERVICES
Electrical, lightning protection, water supply, sanitary, ACMV, gas, and any other system are part of PPVC.
电气、防雷、供水、卫生、ACMV、煤气和其他系统都是PPVC的一部分。
MEP COORDINATION
Early coordination of services will be advantageous. Constraints for installation and maintenance should be addressed early to avoid impact on pre-finished works in the later stage. Upfront design coordination in conjunction with structural prefabrication component is important.
服务的早期协调将是有利的。安装和维修方面的限制应及早处理，以免影响后期的前期工作。预先设计配合结构预制组件是重要的。
IMPACT TO STRUCTURE AND FIRE SAFETY
Necessary openings, recesses and concealed components shall be included in consideration for structural strength, fire safety measures and other relevant design.
考虑到结构强度、消防安全措施和其他相关设计，应包括必要的开口、凹槽和隐蔽部件。
INTEGRITY OF MEP SERVICES
Continuity and system integrity of all MEP services shall be taken care of. Due to the modularisation nature of PPVC, connection of MEP system components between modules may be required. Connection methodology shall not compromise integrity and performance of the system.
应注意所有MEP服务的连续性和系统完整性。由于PPVC的模块化特性，可能需要在模块之间连接MEP系统组件。连接方法不应损害系统的完整性和性能。
ACCESSIBILITY FOR INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
Means of installation shall enable ease of maintenance or future replacement when necessary. Space for installation, maintenance and future replacement shall be allocated. Pipework enclosures (e.g. ducts, castings, etc.) shall be of a suitable size. Sufficient and suitable ready access shall be provided for maintenance, inspection, testing and repairing / replacing of the enclosed pipework.
安装方式应便于维护或在必要时进行将来的更换。应分配安装、维护和未来更换的空间。管道防护罩(例如:管道、铸件等)应具有合适的尺寸。须提供足够及适当的方便通道，以便维修、检查、测试及维修/更换封闭管道。
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ERRORS
Tolerance of gradient of pipe-works connections shall be considered. Angle and leveling of fittings may be affected after the module is positioned in-place. Design and planning shall consider tolerance of these level differences.
管道-工程连接处的坡度公差应考虑在内。模块就位后，配件的角度和水准可能会受到影响。设计和规划应考虑这些水平差异的容忍度。
Figure: Sample of Concealed Services in the Ceiling Space
天花板空间内隐藏服务的样本
3.3.1 Electrical
• Connection of components including conduit, cable trunking and cable trays.
组件的连接，包括导管，电缆槽和电缆槽。
• Joint of cable infrastructure between modules to ensure proper protection for cable.
模块之间电缆基础设施的连接，确保电缆的正确保护。
• Joint of cable shall ensure complete continuity with acceptable connection methodology,if joint of cable is unavoidable.
如果无法避免电缆的连接，应确保电缆的连接方法完全连续。
• Concealed cable infrastructure not to compromise fire safety.
隐蔽的电缆基础设施，不影响消防安全。
Figure: Electrical Services
3.3.2 Lightning Protection
防雷
• Connection of lightning conductor.
避雷针的连接。
• Connection joint shall ensure proper conductivity with acceptable methodology.
连接接头应确保适当的电导率与可接受的方法。
• If structure rebar and/or structural steel section is used as conductor, proper measures to be taken to prevent erosion of conductor.
如果使用结构钢筋和/或结构钢型材作为导线，应采取适当的措施防止导线的腐蚀。
Figure: Lightning conductor connection between modules
3.3.3 Water
给水
• Water fittings that are to be concealed shall be water-tight and suitable for the default conditions (e.g. pressure, temperature and etc), which is likely to be encountered by the water fittings.
隐蔽的水配件必须是防水的，并适用于水配件可能遇到的默认条件(例如压力、温度等)。
• Concealed components embedded in structural elements shall be taken into consideration for structural strength design.
结构强度设计应考虑嵌入在结构构件中的隐蔽构件。
Figure: Water supply routing and connection between modules
3.3.4 Sanitary
排水
• All sanitary discharge pipes and ventilating pipes shall be laid in accordance with PUB and Code of Practice requirements.
所有卫生排水管及通风管须按照《公共卫生设施规例》及《工作守则》的规定敷设。
• All gravity discharge pipes shall have suitable gradient to maintain self-cleansing velocity to ensure smooth flow.
所有重力排放管道应具有适当的坡度，以保持自清洗速度，以确保流动顺畅。
• All joints of pipes shall be tested to ensure water-tightness and air-tightness.
所有的管道接头都要进行测试，以确保水密和气密。
• Shallow floor trap shall be of the suitable type and comply with the performance standards prescribed by PUB. For shallow floor trap requirements, please refer to Code of Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Work.
浅层捕集器必须是合适的类型，并符合酒吧规定的性能标准。有关浅层疏水阀的规定，请参阅《污水及卫生工程工作守则》。
• Shallow floor trap shall not be used if there are connections from kitchen sink or dishwasher.
如果厨房水槽或洗碗机有连接，则不应使用浅地板疏水器。
• To consider potential slab thickening factor for use of shallow floor trap (subject to regulatory compliance and approval), including impact on weight, transportation and storage requirements.
考虑使用浅地板捕集器时可能产生的平板增厚因素(须符合法规规定和批准)，包括对重量、运输和储存要求的影响。
• Proper protection to all protruding and exposed pipeworks from mechanical damage during transportation, storage and shifting of modules.
在模块的运输、储存和移动过程中，适当保护所有突出和暴露的管道免受机械损坏。
• To protect pre-installed pipeworks from heat, ultra-violet radiation and other possible detrimental factors.
保护预先安装的管道免受高温、紫外线辐射和其他可能的有害因素的影响。
• Concealed components embedded in structural elements shall be taken into consideration for structural strength design.
结构强度设计应考虑嵌入在结构构件中的隐蔽构件。
• To ensure suitable access and working space provided for pipe connection between modules.
确保模块之间的管道连接提供合适的通道和工作空间。
• Method for future repairing works for clogging or leakage shall be taken into consideration in the design.
在设计中应考虑今后堵塞或渗漏的修复方法。
• To consider mounting type of WC (floor-mounted or wall-mounted).
考虑WC的安装类型(地板安装或壁挂式)。
3.3.5 Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation
空调及新风系统
• Connection of air-conditioning components including refrigerant pipe, condensate drain pipe, respective insulation layer, and wiring.
空调部件的连接，包括制冷剂管、冷凝水排水管、各自的保温层和线路。
• Joints of refrigerant pipe, if required, shall be able to withstand operating pressure and not be eroded easily.
如有需要，制冷剂管接头应能承受工作压力，不易腐蚀。
• Maintenance and repairing measures shall be taken into consideration.
应考虑维护和修理措施。
• Connection of mechanical ventilation components including mechanical fan, air-duct and wiring.
机械通风部件的连接，包括机械风机、风道、电线。
• Inspection and replacement access for equipment such as mechanical fan shall be reserved.
机械风机等设备的检查和更换通道应预留。
Figure: Air-conditioning and MV Routing空调及中频路径选择
3.3.6 Town Gas
燃气
• Connection of town gas supply shall be able to withstand town gas supply pressure and free from leakage.
煤气供应接头应能承受煤气供应压力，无泄漏。
• Joints shall be treated as necessary to prevent corrosion.
为了防止腐蚀，接缝必须进行必要的处理。
• Concealment, if any, shall be subject to regulatory approval.
有隐藏的，应当经监管部门批准。
3.4 Compliance with Fire Safety Requirements
遵守消防安全规定
The design, construction and installation of the proposed PPVC system for building construction shall comply with the fire safety requirements stipulated under the Fire Code.
拟建的建筑PPVC系统的设计、施工和安装应符合《消防规范》规定的消防安全要求。
3.4.1 Compliance of Fire Compartmentation符合消防分区的规定
• To comply with fire resistance rating required for the elements of structure of the building.
符合建筑构件的耐火等级要求。
• The typical compartment floor between floor levels shall comply with the required fire resistance rating in accordance with the Fire Code requirements for the compartment floor which is an element of structure.
楼层之间的典型分隔层楼面应符合防火规范对作为结构组成部分的分隔层楼面的防火等级要求。
• The compartment walls segregating the dwelling units as well as segregating the dwelling units and fire fighting lobby shall comply with the required fire resistance rating in accordance with the Fire Code requirements.
分隔居住单元的分隔墙以及分隔居住单元和消防大厅的分隔墙应符合消防规范要求的防火等级要求。
• Provision of documentary proofs and detail drawings to illustrate compliance of Fire Code requirements of the proposed system in terms of compartmentation, material usage, etc. is required.
必须提供文件证明和详细图纸，以说明拟议系统在分隔、材料使用等方面是否符合消防规范的要求。
Figure: Example residential tower block plan – Compartment walls范例住宅塔楼平面图-分隔墙
Figure: Example of 3D Modules – Compartment floors
3.4.2 Compliance of Use of Material
符合材料的使用要求
• Use of materials has to be considered to ensure the integrity of PPVC modules.
材料的使用必须被考虑以确保PPVC模块的完整性。
• To comply with the fire safety requirements for the use of plastics in building construction and the fire safety requirements for incorporating services within fire-rated dry construction in buildings.
符合建筑施工中使用塑料的消防安全要求，以及在建筑物的耐火干性建筑中提供服务的消防安全要求。
• The use of building products/materials/systems shall comply with the fire test performance requirements stipulated in the fire safety guidelines for certification of regulated fire safety products/materials of the Fire Code. Fire test performance reports from accredited test laboratories & Certificate of Conformity (COCs) / Declaration of Compliance (DOC) for regulated fire safety products from Certification Bodies (CBs) accredited by Singapore Accreditation Council (SAC) shall be provided for the proposed products/materials/systems.
建筑产品/材料/系统的使用应符合《消防规范》规定的消防安全产品/材料认证防火安全指引中规定的防火测试性能要求。由认可的测试实验室出具的防火测试报告;建议的产品/材料/系统应提供由新加坡认可委员会(SAC)认可的认证机构(CBs)颁发的消防安全产品合格证书(COCs) /符合声明(DOC)。
• If overseas accredited testing laboratory recognised by Singapore Accreditation Council (SAC) is engaged to conduct the fire performance tests for the proposed products/materials/systems, the test performance reports shall be certified by any of the accredited Certification Bodies (CBs) in Singapore before they can be used for building construction in Singapore.
如果海外认证测试实验室认可新加坡认证委员会(SAC)正在进行的防火性能测试提出的产品/材料/系统,测试性能报告须经本刊的任何认可的认证机构(CBs)在新加坡之前在新加坡可以用于建筑。
• To consider early engagement of the certification body and registered inspector (RI) to conduct factory inspection at the overseas manufacturing plant for certification and conformity of regulated fire safety products/materials/systems.
考虑尽早邀请认证机构及注册督察前往海外制造工厂进行工厂视察，以确保受规管的消防安全产品/材料/系统符合规定。
Chapter 4
PPVC Module Production
第四章 模块生产
4.1 Reinforced Concrete (RC) PPVC Production
钢筋混凝土模块
4.1.1 Mould Process
Moulds are fabricated in steel with comprehensive design to withstand the handling and production process for the lifetime required in production. These moulds are three-dimensional and may be adjusted to cater for several combinations of dimensions. The factors that influence the concept of mould design are as follows:
模具是用钢制造的，设计全面，以承受操作和生产过程所需的寿命。这些模具是三维的，可以根据不同的尺寸组合进行调整。影响模具设计理念的因素如下:
4.1.2 Structural and MEP Works
结构和机电工程
Reinforced Concrete modules can be produced by integrating structures like column, beam, wall and slab as a single module. The production process comprises of the following steps:
钢筋混凝土模块可以通过将柱、梁、墙和板等结构集成为一个模块来生产。生产过程包括以下几个步骤:
在外壳完成后，应在场外进行试装，检查垂直和水平对准，并检查MEP服务的连续性。在建筑施工前，所有的卫生管道都要进行符合PUB要求的水(静水压)试验和气压试验。
4.1.3 Architectural Finishing and MEP Works
装修和机电工程
The architectural works shall be executed under the sheltered environment, by trained specific trades offsite.
建筑工程应在隐蔽的环境下，由经过培训的专业人员在场外进行。
The works shall comprise the following in the sequence of execution and on levelled platform.
按施工顺序及在平整平台上进行的工程包括以下内容。
4.2 Steel PPVC Production
钢结构模块生产
In order to ensure accuracy of the final product, special care must be given to each fabrication process, starting from design and fabrication of 2D and 3D jigs, procurement and preparation of structural steel member and the selection of the process, work sequence, method, machine and consumables used in the welding work.
为了确保最终产品的准确性,必须特别注意每一个制造过程,从2 d和3 d夹具的设计和制造,钢结构成员的采购和制备和选择的过程,工作顺序、方法、机器和耗材使用的焊接工作。
Whenever possible, customised welding robots could be used in place of manual welding to reduce the reliance on manpower and to increase productivity.
只要有可能，可使用定制焊接机器人代替手工焊接，以减少对人力的依赖，并提高生产率。
Figure: Robotic Welding Machine
机器人焊接机
Photographs Courtesy of Tiong Seng Contractors Pte Ltd and Steeltech Industries Pte Ltd
照片由中晟承建商Pte Ltd及Steeltech Industries Pte Ltd提供
4.2.1 2D and 3D Jigs
夹具
The jigs used in the fabrication work are designed and fabricated to withstand additional force caused by heat transmitted between and within the steel sections to ensure the accuracy of the 2D frame and 3D shell remain unchanged during and after welding work.
制作过程中使用的夹具，设计制作时能承受型钢之间和型钢内部的热传递所产生的附加力，保证焊接过程和焊接后二维框架和三维壳体的精度不变。
The total number of jigs required for each project is determined by the design and type of modules, the fabrication schedule/rate and the flexibility of the jigs. It is different from project to project.
每个项目所需的夹具总数由模块的设计和类型、制造进度/速度和夹具的灵活性决定。每个项目都不一样。
Photographs Courtesy of Moderna Homes Pte Ltd
照片由Moderna Homes Pte Ltd提供
4.2.2 Fabrication Process
制造工艺
钢结构是宝钢哦
照片由南洋理工大学发展及设施管理处提供
照片由northern Development Pte Ltd和Surbana Jurong Pte Ltd提供
Chapter 5
Protection, Transportation and Lifting
5.1 Transportation Plan
交通规则
In order to ensure the quality of the PPVC modules, it is important to set up a comprehensive Transportation Plan to analyse and mitigate issues brought about during deliveries. This is to avoid potential damage to the module in long distance travel. The Transportation Plan shall comply with LTA’s traffic regulatory requirements.
为了确保PPVC模块的质量，建立一个全面的运输计划来分析和减轻在交付过程中带来的问题是很重要的。这是为了避免在长途旅行中对模块造成潜在的损坏。交通运输规划应符合LTA交通监管要求。
At the same time, Just-In-Time (JIT) delivery concept shall be studied with the transportation issues in order to ensure the following:
同时，要结合运输问题研究准时制(JIT)的交付理念，以确保以下几点:
1. The right time of delivery,
正确的交货时间
2. Manage site storage,
管理现场存货
3. Optimise crane usage,
优化起重机使用
4. Minimise the hoist and handling of PPVC
尽量减少模块的提升和处理
5.2 Packaging, Protection and Labelling
包装、保护和标签
• Packaging of the finished PPVC product shall be controlled and inspected to ensure conformance with the specified and/or contracted requirements.
成品PPVC产品的包装应进行控制和检查，以确保符合规定和/或合同要求。
• The protection to completed PPVC modules shall be provided to the extent necessary to prevent potential damage, deformation or deterioration of the installed finishing components and/or to the structure while in transit or during unloading at project site. This includes the provision of appropriate protection sheet to internal finishes and to the external surface of structures.
对已完成的PPVC模块应提供必要的保护，以防止在运输过程中或在项目现场卸载过程中安装的饰面组件和/或结构的潜在损害、变形或退化。这包括为内部饰面和结构的外部表面提供适当的保护层。
• All finished PPVC modules shall have the manufacturer’s label and installed for identification.
所有完成的PPVC模块都应该有制造商的标签并安装用于识别。
5.3 Module Cover (Temporary or Permanent)
模块盖(临时或永久)
• Module cover shall be manufactured according to size and design requirements (applicable to Reinforced Concrete PPVC).
模块盖应根据尺寸和设计要求制造(适用于钢筋混凝土PPVC)。
• Temporary or permanent covering method depends on the project specification. An approval should be sought prior to installation.
临时或永久覆盖的方法取决于工程规格。安装前应寻求批准。
• Installation of cover shall be inspected and approved prior to any handling for delivery.
在搬运前，盖板的安装应经过检查和批准。
Chapter 6
Construction and Project Management
第六章
建筑及项目管理
6.1 Location of The Project and Adjacent Areas
项目及邻近地区的位置
• The condition of the roads surrounding the project must be able to accommodate the weight and size of the PPVC module delivery.
项目周围的道路条件必须能够适应PPVC模块交付的重量和大小。
6.2 Access and Traffic Management for Trailers with Heavy Cargo
重型货物拖车的通行和交通管理
• The access to and within the site must be able to accommodate trailers with heavy cargo. Slopes and undulating terrain might prove to be a challenge for heavy vehicles. The turning radiuses of the trailers has to be considered during the planning stage of the site to avoid choking of vehicle access.
进入和进入场地内的通道必须能够容纳装载重型货物的拖车。斜坡和起伏的地形可能证明对重型车辆是一个挑战。拖车的转弯半径必须在工地的规划阶段加以考虑，以避免堵塞车辆通道。
• Trailers with heavy cargo pose potential hazards upon entering while navigating the site. Traffic controller has to be employed to ensure smooth traffic management within the site.
载有重型货物的拖车在进入工地航行时可能造成危险。必须配备交通管制人员，以确保现场的交通管理顺畅。
6.3 Consideration of Just-In-Time (JIT) Operation
准时制(JIT)操作的考虑
• Unlike conventional precast, PPVC modules are unable to be stored on site. Therefore, a Just in Time (JIT) installation could prove to be efficient and productive. The rate of installation has to be determined for a smoother JIT operation.
与传统的预制不同，PPVC模块无法在现场存储。因此，及时(JIT)安装被证明是高效和多产的。为了使JIT操作更顺畅，必须确定安装速度。
• Precast supplier can further employ systems such as Traffic Monitoring and GPS for Prime Movers to better facilitate deliveries. This will in turn make JIT operation smoother and more predictable.
Precast供应商可以进一步采用系统，如交通监控和GPS原动力，以更好地促进交货。这反过来又会使JIT操作更流畅、更可预测。
• It is advisable to have space for unloading and storage in the event where JIT installation is not possible, e.g. during inclement weather, etc.
如遇无法进行适时安装，例如在恶劣天气等情况下，建议预留空间供卸料及储存。
6.4 Types of Cranes
• The crane employed must be able to handle the weight of the PPVC modules, but at the same time be able to provide enough coverage for the intended block.
所使用的起重机必须能够承受PPVC模块的重量，但同时能够为预期的区块提供足够的覆盖。
• Contractors shall seek approval from the relevant authorities on the maximum allowable AMSL clearance for erection of cranes.
承包商应就安装起重机的AMSL最大允许间隙寻求有关当局的批准。
6.5 Safety
A comprehensive risk assessment shall be established to identify all potential hazards. Appropriate control measures must then be set up, communicated and implemented before the commencement of works.
应建立综合风险评估，以识别所有潜在危险。在工程开始之前，必须建立、沟通和实施适当的控制措施。
A comprehensive Fall Prevention Plan with Safe Work Procedure and appropriate control measures have to be established. Control measures such as safety barricades shall be provided for all open sides where a person may fall. Such barricades can only be removed during installation when the precast component is hoisted near its designated position.
必须建立全面的防坠落计划，包括安全的工作程序和适当的控制措施。应在所有可能有人跌倒的开放侧面设置安全护栏等控制措施。只有在安装过程中，当预制组件在其指定位置附近被吊起时，才可以拆除这种障碍物。
All workers who are carrying out work at height shall be provided with the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment such as a personal fall arrest system. They shall be trained in the proper use of the system and ensure that the system is in place at all times.
所有在高空进行工作的工人，均须配备适当的个人防护装备，例如防止人员跌落系统。他们应接受正确使用系统的培训，并确保系统始终处于适当的位置。
All lifting gears and equipment are to be in serviceable condition. Checks have to be conducted by Accredited Checkers periodically to ensure workers are working with safe and functional equipment.
所有升降装置和设备应处于可用状态。有资格的检查人员必须定期进行检查，以确保工人使用的设备是安全和有效的。
Chapter 7
Installation
第七章
安装
7.1 Access and Egress
出入口
• An access has to be provided for workers to move in and out during an installation. Any open area will have to be covered with safety barricade to prevent any worker from falling from height. A clearly demarcated egress has to be provided as well to allow workers to exit the work area in the case of an emergency.
在安装过程中，必须为工人提供进出通道。任何开放区域都必须覆盖安全路障，以防止任何工人从高处坠落。在紧急情况下，还必须提供明确划分的出口，以便工人能够离开工作区域。
7.2 Vertical and Horizontal Alignments
垂直和水平排列
• Special attention has to be given to the alignments during installation. The method statement for installation should indicate clearly how proper alignments can be achieved to prevent any abortive works.
在安装过程中要特别注意排列。安装的方法声明应该清楚地说明如何实现正确的对齐，以防止任何失败的工作。
• Improper vertical and horizontal alignments cause external gaps which require additional touch-up work such as hacking and plastering. Windows and/or any external fixtures will look slanted as well.
不正确的垂直和水平排列会造成外部缝隙，需要进行额外的修补工作，如挖孔和抹灰。窗户和/或任何外部固定装置看起来也会倾斜。
• MEP services including lightning protection system, sanitary and rain water discharge system etc. require proper vertical continuity connection. Installation of P-trap, S-trap if required, shall not impact finishes done up in a factory. If vertical concealed shaft is provided, space for installation works shall be allocated to facilitate vertical connection works.
MEP服务，包括防雷系统、卫生和雨水排放系统等，需要适当的垂直连续性连接。安装p型疏水阀和s型疏水阀(如有需要)不应影响工厂的成品。如设有垂直隐蔽竖井，则须预留空间进行安装工程，以方便进行垂直连接工程。
• For MEP services that require installation works horizontally crossing modules, (including wiring, pressurized pipeworks, gradient pipeworks), the method of connection, if required, shall not compromise the level of continuity. All point of connections shall be properly secured by proper support. Method of connections shall not compromise the gradient required for gradient-pipeworks. Proper protection to finishes to be provided if hot work is required for connections. Installation works shall be done via the space allocated for installation works.
对于需要水平跨越模块安装的MEP服务，(包括布线、加压管道、梯度管道)，如果需要，连接方式不得影响连续性水平。所有连接点都要用适当的支撑物妥善固定。连接方法不应影响梯度管道工程所需的梯度。如果连接需要进行热工，则应提供对表面的适当保护。安装工程应按所分配的空间进行。
7.3 Sequencing of the Modules Installation
模块安装的顺序
• It will be useful to work out the installation sequence of components to best maximise productivity during installation. E.g. it might be easier to install modules facing the external and work towards the inner modules.
为了在安装过程中最大限度地提高生产效率，确定组件的安装顺序是很有用的。例如，安装面向外部的模块和面向内部模块工作可能更容易。
7.4 Safety
• Workers are prone to high-risk activities such as Lifting Operation and Fall from Height. Proper safety equipments are be provided to ensure the well being of the workers are taken care of.
工人容易从事高空升降等高风险活动。提供适当的安全设备，以确保工人的福祉得到照顾。
• Safety documents such as Risk Assessment and Safe Work Procedure are to be submitted and vetted thoroughly by the site safety officer. Safety Instruments are to be checked regularly. Daily Permit to work has to be submitted dutifully to ensure workers work in a safe environment.
安全文件，如风险评估和安全工作程序，必须提交并由现场安全主任彻底审查。安全仪器要定期检查。必须按规定提交每日工作许可证，以确保工人在安全的环境下工作。
Chapter 8
Critical Inspection and Quality Check
第八章 关键检查和质量检查
8.1 Quality Checks
8.1.1 Reinforced Concrete PPVC
钢筋混凝土模块
-
QC inspection on mould dimension, squareness, verticality and cleanliness
对模具尺寸、垂直度、清洁度进行QC检验
-
Reinforcement Installation and QC Inspection
钢筋安装及QC检验
-
Cast in Item Installation and QC Inspection
铸件安装和QC检验
-
QC Check on Mould Assembly and Closing of Mould
对模具组装和封模进行QC检查
-
QC inspection on concrete
混凝土QC检验
-
Casting
浇筑
8.1.2 Steel PPVC
-
QC inspection on Welding Procedure and Specification (WPS), Welding Procedure Qualification Record (WPQR), Welder Certificate, Welding Consumables and all other related items.
焊接工艺和规范(WPS)，焊接工艺鉴定记录(WPQR)，焊工证书，焊接消耗品和所有其他相关项目的QC检验。
-
QC inspection on the dimension and accuracy of 2D and 3D jigs
对二维和三维夹具的尺寸和精度进行QC检验
-
Respective steel members are placed inside a 2D jig, welded to form 2D frame & QC Inspection
各自的钢构件放置在一个2D夹具内，焊接成2D框架& QC检查
-
Respective 2D frames are placed inside a 3D jig, welded to form a 3D shell & QC Inspection
各自的2D框架放置在一个3D夹具内，焊接形成一个3D外壳和QC检验
-
Trial stacking (according to the actual position) at factory to ensure the accuracy of the steel shell
在工厂试堆(根据实际位置)，保证钢坯的精度
-
Proceed to Architectural Work
继续建筑工作
8.2 Structural Works
The modules shall be pre-assembled before proceeding with the following inspection and finishing works.
在进行后续的检查和整理工作之前，模块应预先组装好。
LEVEL AND ALIGNMENT水平和对齐
The level and alignment shall remain within the tolerance limits.
水准和对准应保持在公差范围内。
VERTICALITY垂直性
Finished module shall maintain its verticality not greater than the stipulated tolerance for PPVC.
成品模组应保持其垂直度不大于PPVC规定的公差。
BULGING隆起
No bulging of all structural elements, as this will decrease the stability of the structures.
POSITION OF CONTINUITY连接点位置
It is significant to maintain the position of reinforcement continuity to increase the speed of installation of precast module.
保持钢筋连续性位置对提高预制模块安装速度具有重要意义。
LOCATION OF CAST IN ITEMS现浇项目的位置
The location of the cast-in items shall be checked and verified prior to casting to avoid a redo/rectify
TWISTING OF MODULES模块扭转
All precast modules shall not be greater than the allowable tolerance of all corners. This will apply to the installation with regards to level, alignment and verticality.
所有预制模块不应大于所有角的允许公差。这将适用于有关水平、对准和垂直度的安装。
FIRE AND CORROSION PROTECTION防火防腐
Passive fire protection layer and corrosion protection layer for all structure steel members must be check and confirm to ensure the compliance to the code.
所有结构钢构件的被动防火层和防腐层都必须检查确认，以确保符合规范。
STRUCTURAL OPENING POSITION AND DIMENSION结构开口位置及尺寸
This will not be less than the actual dimension of doors, windows and etc.
不少于门窗等的实际尺寸。
MEP OPENING管线开洞
Shall be larger than the actual size of the pipes.
应大于管道的实际尺寸。
8.3 MEP Works
WATER TIGHTNESS TEST水密性测试
To ensure that pipe works are water-tight before and after the architectural finishing works.
确保管道工程在建筑装修工程前后不漏水。
PRESSURE TEST压力测试
To ensure no leakage for pressurised pipe works.
CABLE CONTINUITY TEST电路测试
Shall be carried out to ensure cable and wiring condition.
EARTHING MEGGER TEST防雷接地
To be carried out after module is completed to check on the continuity of conductors for lightning protection.
ELECTRICAL PHASE CHECK断路器检查
Required to ensure load is distributed in accordance to design among phases.
SHAFT LEAKAGE INSPECTION竖井渗漏检查
To be carried out in conjunction with water-tightness test of vertical pipe shaft.
8.4 Architectural Works
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENTS
Shall incorporate from the given 1 meter datum and offset line before finishing works.
垂直和水平矫正
在完成工程前，应结合给定的1米基准和偏移线。
LEVELLING
To ensure that the module is levelled and set before the start of the finishing works.
水准测量
确保在完成工作开始前，模块被平整和设置。
LIGHTWEIGHT PANEL INSTALLATION AND QC CHECK
This will be installed as per the approved materials and shop drawing. Adhere to approved method statement to ensure that the execution falls within the acceptable tolerance.
轻量化面板安装和QC检查
根据批准的材料和施工图进行安装。坚持已批准的方法声明，以确保执行在可接受的范围内。
WATERPROOFING APPLICATION AND QC CHECK
Application of waterproofing shall be carried out by a qualified waterproofing installer. To adhere to approved materials and method statement to ensure that the waterproofing are installed accordingly.
防水应用及QC检查
防水应用应由合格的防水安装人员进行。按照批准的材料和方法来确保防水装置的安装。
WATER PONDING TEST
Shall comply with the approved method statement.
人工池塘水测试
应遵守经批准的方法说明书。
TILING INSTALLATION AND QC CHECK
All materials and method statement as well as shop drawing shall be approved by the relevant consultant/s. It is important to check the batch delivery to control the tonality of the tile. Only a qualified tiler can install the tile.
瓷砖安装及QC检查
所有材料和方法说明以及施工图应得到相关顾问的批准。重要的是要检查批量交付控制调性瓦。只有合格的瓷砖工人才能安装瓷砖。
PULL-OUT TEST
This will carried out by an accredited laboratory.
拉拔力试验
这项工作将由认可的实验室进行。
SPRAY TEST
Shall comply with the approved method statement.
喷雾试验
应遵守经批准的方法说明书。
SKIM COATING APPLICATION AND QC CHECK
All materials as well as the method statement recommended by the manufacturer shall be approved.
涂覆及QC检查
制造商推荐的所有材料和方法声明都应得到批准。
FLOOR FINISHES QC CHECK
All materials and method statement and shop drawing shall be approved by the relevant consultant/s.
All materials and method statement shall be approved by the relevant consultant/s.
楼层装修QC检查
所有材料、方法说明和施工图应得到相关顾问的批准。
所有材料和方法说明均应得到相关咨询方的批准。
KITCHEN AND SANITARY WARE INSTALLATION AND QC CHECK
All materials, shop drawings and method statement shall be approved by the relevant consultant/s.
厨房及卫生洁具安装及QC检查
所有材料、施工图和方法说明书应得到相关顾问的批准。
DOOR AND WINDOW INSTALLATION AND INSPECTION
All materials, method statements and shop drawings shall be approved by the relevant consultant/s.
门窗安装及检查
所有材料、方法说明和施工图都应得到相关顾问的批准。
RAILING INSTALLATION AND INSPECTION
All materials, method statements and shop drawings shall be approved by the relevant consultant/s.
栏杆安装及检查
所有材料、方法说明和施工图都应得到相关顾问的批准。
PAINTING APPLICATION AND INSPECTION
All materials and method statement shall be approved by the relevant consultant/s.
涂装及检验
所有材料和方法说明均应得到相关咨询方的批准。
Chapter 9 Maintenance, Replacement and Renovation
第九章 维护、更换和翻新
9.1 Maintenance and Renovation
It is essential to exercise care during renovation to prevent damage to the unit. The trained renovator engaged for the project should use the appropriate tools and follow the instructions in the homeowner user manual.
在装修过程中要小心谨慎，防止损坏机组。接受过培训的装修人员应使用适当的工具，并遵循业主使用手册中的说明。
• The renovator should be trained.
翻新工人应该接受培训。
• It is important to use appropriate tools for renovation works.
使用适当的工具进行翻新工作是很重要的。
• Exercise due care when renovating, replacing tiles, etc. by referring to the homeowner user manual.
在翻新、更换瓷砖等时，请参阅业主使用手册。
9.1.1 Homeowner User Manual 房主用户手册
Besides engaging a trained renovation contractor, homeowners should have a ready reference of the PPVC system used in the unit. It is good practice for developers/builders to provide a homeowner user manual of the PPVC upon completion of the project. The homeowner and subsequent buyers of the unit should obtain a copy of the homeowner user manual after taking over the unit and follow the recommendations on maintenance and renovation to PPVC units provided in the manual.
除了雇佣一个训练有素的装修承包商，业主应该有一个现成的参考PPVC系统在单位使用。在项目完成后，发展商/建筑商应提供业主使用PPVC的手册。业主和该单元的后续买家在接收该单元后，应获得一份《业主使用手册》，并遵循手册中提供的关于PPVC单元的维护和翻新建议。
The information in the homeowner user manual could include (but not limited to) the following:
《业主使用手册》中的信息包括(但不限于)以下内容:
GENERAL INFORMATION ON PPVC关于PPVC的一般信息
(i) Introduction to the PPVC installed介绍安装的PPVC
(ii) Safety notices安全手册
(iii) Instruction for use使用说明书
STRUCTURE OF THE PPVCPPVC的结构
(i) Floor
(ii) Wall
(iii) Ceiling
(iv) Water piping
(v) Sanitary discharge pipe/vertical soil stack
(vi) Electrical conduits
LAYOUT OF THE PPVC
(i) General layout
(ii) Waterproofing layout
(iii) Locations of concealed services
(iv) Location of access panel
(v) Location of the manufacturer’s label
CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE ADVICE
(i) Internal fittings, tiles and accessories
(ii) Floor trap
(iii) Ceiling access panels
ALTERATION, REPAIR AND REPLACEMENT WORKS改建、维修及更换工程
(i) Replacement of accessories/installation of additional fittings更换配件/安装额外配件
(ii) Availability and supply of spare parts备件的可用性和供应
(iii) Instructions for drilling and fixing钻孔和固定操作说明
(iv) Instructions for tile replacement瓷砖更换说明
(v) Instructions for grab bars installation扶手安装说明
Chapter 10
Regulations
第十章 规定
10.1 List of Regulators
1 Building Construction Authority (BCA)建筑事务监督
Code of Practice on Buildability 2017
CP82, BCA’s Good Industry Practice Guide
Technical Requirements for Storey Shelters 2015
Technical Requirements for Household Shelters 2012
2 Land Transport Authority (LTA)陆路运输管理局
Rule 99 of Road Traffic Rules (OVM)
Rule 2010 Promulgated under the Road Traffic Act (OVM)
3 Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF)新加坡民防部队(SCDF)
Fire Safety Act and Regulation ”Code of Practice for Fire Safety Precaution in Buildings”
消防安全法和条例《建筑物防火安全措施实务守则》
Fire Safety Requirements for the use of Plastic in Building Construction, SCDF’s circular dated 1 Oct 2014.
《建筑施工中使用塑料的消防安全要求》，SCDF于2014年10月1日发出的通知。
Permitting Services within Fire-Rated Dry Construction in Buildings, SCDF’s circular dated 13 Nov 2014.
允许在建筑物的防火干燥建筑内提供服务，SCDF于2014年11月13日发出的通知。
4 National Environment Agency (NEA)国家环境局(NEA)
Code of Practice on Environmental Health, Singapore Standard SS593, COP on Pollution Control, Code of Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Works, Environmental Protection and Management Act, and their Regulations, including the Environmental Protection and Management (Control of Noise at Construction Site) Regulation
《环境卫生工作守则》、《新加坡标准SS593》、《污染控制COP》、《污水和卫生工程工作守则》、《环境保护和管理法》及其条例，包括《环境保护和管理(建筑工地噪音控制)条例》
5 Public Utilities Board (PUB)公用事业委员会(PUB)
Singapore Standard CP 48: Code of Practice for Water Services
-
1. Sewerage and Drainage Act
-
2. Sewerage and Drainage (Sanitary Works) Regulations
-
3. Code of Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Works
-
4. Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage
-
5. Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations
BS EN 1253-1, in event, if client preferences for shallow floor trap (SFT) all relevant test shall comply with BS EN 1253-1 as follows:
-
1. Anti-Blockage Test
-
2. Water Tightness Test
-
3. Flow Rate Test
-
4. Resistance to water seal to pressure
-
5. Odour Tightness Test
-
6. Depth of water seal
-
7. Access for Cleaning
-
8. Side Inlet
6 Ministry of Manpower (MOM)人力资源部
Workplace Safety And Health Act 2014
WSH (Exemption) Order 2011
Workplace Safety and Health (Design for Safety) Regulation 2015
10.2 Minimum Level of Off-Site Works for PPVC最低预制率
10.3 Building Innovation Panel (BIP) and PPVC Manufacturer Accreditation Scheme (MAS) “建筑创新小组”及“PPVC制造商认可计划”
To ensure quality and address potential downstream issues for local projects:
确保本地项目的质量并解决潜在的下游问题:
• PPVC suppliers are required to obtain In Principle Acceptance (IPA) from the Building Innovation Panel (BIP).
PPVC供应商必须获得建筑创新小组(BIP)的原则上验收(IPA)。
• The acceptance framework consists of two parts (1) Evaluation of the PPVC system by the BIP (2) Meeting the PPVC Manufacturer Accreditation Scheme (MAS) requirements.
验收框架由两部分组成(1)BIP对PPVC体系的评估(2)满足PPVC制造商认可计划(MAS)的要求。
10.4 Singapore Standards, Codes of Practice and Good Industry Practice Guidebooks (References)
新加坡标准、业务守则及优良行业操作指南(参考资料)
• CP 5: 1998 Code of Practice for Electrical Installations
• Code of Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Works
• CP 48: 2005 Code of Practice for Water Services
• CP96: 2002 (2011) Code of Practice for Curtain Walls
• Code of Practice on Buildability 2017
• SS 608: 2015 Code of Practice for Gas Installation
• SS 555: 2010 Protection Against Lightning
• SS 553: 2009 Code of Practice for Air-conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation in Buildings
• SS 554: 2009 Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-conditioned Buildings
• SS 212: 2007 Specification for Aluminium Alloy Windows
• SS 381: 1996 (2007) Materials and Performance Tests for Aluminium Curtain Walls
• EN1253-1 (shallow floor trap)
• In-built Bathrooms Performance Requirements
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Ceramic Tiling
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Marble and Granite Finishes
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Waterproofing for Internal Wet Areas
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Painting
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Timber Flooring
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Waterproofing for External Wall
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Aluminium Window
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Timber Doors
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Wardrobes and Kitchen Cabinets
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Precast Concrete Elements
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Drywall Internal Partition
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Design and Materials Selection (Vol 1)
• Good Industry Practices Guide Book: Design and Materials Selection (Vol 2)
• Design for Maintainability Checklist by BCA
10.5 Design for Safety
• PPVC supplier, designer, Qualified Person, Developer and Main Contractor are relevant stakeholders that shall be involved in the DfS review.
PPVC供应商、设计师、合格人员、开发商和主承包商是参与DfS评审的相关利益相关者。
• Design for safety reviews should be carried out upstream, e.g. during the BIP application or at the concept and detailed design phases, to address risks that would manifest itself during:
安全评审设计应在上游进行，例如在BIP应用期间或在概念和详细设计阶段，以应对在以下过程中可能出现的风险:
1. the construction stage,
2. the building maintenance stage; and
3. the demolition phase. Things to note:
• For onsite installation, please pay special attention to activities related to Lifting, Access/Egress and Working at Height.
在现场安装时，请特别注意吊装、出入、高空作业等相关活动。
• The design should cater adequate provisions for safe PPVC building maintenance and repair.
设计应满足安全的PPVC建筑维护和维修的要求。
• User/ installer manual should include safe demolition sequences and special precautions.
用户/安装人员手册应包括安全拆卸顺序和特殊预防措施。
• PPVC suppliers/ designers shall control the design risks based on the Hierarchy of Control Measures.PPE shall be adopted as a last resort.
PPVC供应商/设计师应根据控制措施层次控制设计风险。防护用品应作为最后的手段。
Specific requirements related to the PPVC should be considered in the early design review stage.
与PPVC相关的具体要求应在早期设计评审阶段予以考虑。
10.5.1 Access/Egress
进出管制
As part of the design review, the entire process of which the PPVC units are to be installed should be reviewed. This should include how workers would gain access to and egress:
作为设计审查的一部分，应审查PPVC装置安装的整个过程。这应该包括工人如何进入和离开:
1. from the ground to the top of the modules loaded on a trailer;
2. from the ground to the top of the modules in the holding/ storage area;
3. from the working level to the top of a PPVC module that had just been installed;
4. from point A to point B of the same level of the installed PPVCs, or cast in-situ areas or working platforms.
5. from point A to point B of the different level of the installed PPVCs, or cast in-situ areas or working platforms.
Such access provisions include the use of MEWP, mobile tower scaffolds with appropriate height, fixed ladders with proper fixtures that are cast-in during the fabrication of the modules or use of permanent/ temporary staircase. If a vertical access ladder (see figure 2) is proposed, it should be secured in place at its top & bottom and extended 1 meter above the landing. Such ladder will not be suitable if the user is unable to maintain 3-points of contact. In general, a step platform ladder (see figure 3) would provide a safer access and more stable work surface than the vertical access ladder or A-frame ladder. If the ladder leads to a barricaded area, a proper access point should be catered for in the design.
这类进入设施包括使用MEWP、具有适当高度的流动塔架、在制作模块或使用永久性/临时楼梯时嵌入适当固定装置的固定梯子。如果建议使用垂直的进出梯(见图2)，则应在其顶部和底部固定，并延伸至离平台1米的地方。如果使用者不能保持三个接触点，这种梯子就不适合使用。一般情况下，人字梯(见图3)比垂直梯或a字形梯提供更安全的通道和更稳定的工作表面。如果梯子通向隔离区，则在设计中应提供适当的入口。
10.5.2 Choice Between Fall Prevention, Fall Restraint and Fall Arrest System
防坠、防坠和防坠系统的选择
Before choosing a fall prevention or protection system, one should first consider elimination of working at height.
在选择防坠落或保护系统之前，应首先考虑消除高空作业。
ELIMINATION OF WORK AT HEIGHT
Always explore elimination first. Works that involved a risk of fall should be eliminated at design stage.An example of PPVC risk elimination is shown below (e.g. A):
总是先探索淘汰法。涉及跌落风险的工程应在设计阶段消除。以下是消除PPVC风险的例子(例如A):
Example A: In the above figure, the designer had proposed connection of the two high floor modules using bolts, nuts and a link plate. As the connection work can only be carried out externally from the building façade, it would mean that workers will have to extend their bodies out of the PPVC to reach the connections thereby exposing themselves to a risk of fall. After the review, the designer redesigned the connections to be connected within the safety of the PPVC unit and successfully eliminated the falling from height risk related to the task entirely.
例A:在上图中，设计师建议使用螺栓、螺母和连接板连接两个高楼层模块。由于连接工作只能在建筑外部进行façade，这意味着工人们将不得不将身体伸出PPVC，从而暴露自己的跌倒风险。经过审查，设计师重新设计了连接方式，使其在PPVC单元的安全范围内连接，并成功地完全消除了与任务相关的高空坠落风险。
SUBSTITUTION OF A SAFER WORK-AT-HEIGHT METHOD
替代更安全的高空作业方法
• If the risks cannot be eliminated by design, designers should explore safer work methods to mininise the risk e.g. use of MEWP, scaffold or step platform ladder instead of A-frame ladder placed beside the PPVC.
如果设计不能消除风险，设计师应探索更安全的工作方法，以减少风险，例如使用MEWP、脚手架或踏步平台梯子，而不是放置在PPVC旁边的a型框架梯子。
ENGINEERING CONTROL – FALL PREVENTION
工程控制-防坠落
• Where workers are required to work on the top of a module or at any location where there is risk of fall, the open sides of the module or location should be effectively barricaded or guarded (Engineering Control measure). The connections for the barricades or guardrails should be builtin with the module where possible.
当工人被要求在模块顶部工作或在任何有坠落风险的位置工作时，模块或位置的开放侧应有效地设置障碍物或防护(工程控制措施)。路障或护栏的连接处应尽可能安装在模块内。
• Fall prevention system such as the use of barricades is preferred over fall restraint and fall arrest systems. Barricades provide a high degree of protection once properly installed. When a barricade is proposed, the design should meet the requirements under the Approved Code of Practice for Working Safely at Heights published by WSHC. (See link below)
防摔系统，如使用路障是首选的跌落限制和跌落阻止系统。一旦正确安装，路障可以提供高度的保护。建议设置障碍物时，设计须符合水务署公布的《认可高空安全工作工作守则》的规定。(见以下链接)
PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE)
个人防护用品(ppe)
Where barricades or guardrails cannot be provided, anchorage points and/or lifelines should be provided to ensure that workers are protected from falling from height. Anchorage points, anchorage lines, safety harness etc. should be pre-planned for, taking into consideration the zone of which the workers would need to operate for rigging / unrigging operations and for other works, e.g. grouting works at the top of the module or at working level. In general, there are two types of fall protection or prevention systems: Fall Restraint and Fall Arrest, of which the former is preferred over the latter.
Fall Restraint Systems prevent a person from falling and includes the use of:i) Work-Positioning and ii) Travel Restraint systems
Fall Arrest Systems protect a person after the person falls a certain distance by stopping the fall before the person hit the surface below. It includes the use of:i) Full body harness, shock absorber and Anchor ii) Safety netsPlease also refer to the prevailing codes including SS 570, S541 and SS607.
