ganggouren
在新加坡，整体卫浴采用准入名单机制。由政府主管部门组成联合审查机构，对厂家申报进行评审，并在官方网站发布合格部品供应商名单。
通过网站架构，可以大概理解新加坡发展整体卫浴的技术架构：
bca.gov.sg/buildsg/productivity/design-for-manufacturing-and-assembly-dfma/prefabricated-bathroom-unit
建筑和建设管理局(BCA)
The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) is an agency under the Ministry of National Development, whose mission is to shape a safe, high quality, sustainable and friendly built environment. As the lead public agency, we champion transforming Singapore into a future-ready built environment.
建筑和建设管理局(BCA)是国家发展部下属的一个机构，其使命是塑造一个安全、高质量、可持续和友好的建筑环境。作为主要的公共机构，我们致力于将新加坡转变为一个为未来做好准备的建筑环境。
Build SG
BuildSG是一个全国性的运动，它浓缩了在改造建筑环境领域的合作精神。它强调了政府之间的合作。工会。行业协会和商会。工业和高等教育机构，共同努力实现先进和一体化的建筑环境部门，与先进和协作的frms为本地和全球的商业机会做好准备，并为新加坡人提供良好的就业机会。
Productivity生产效率
Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA)
Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA) is a key pillar of Singapore’s Construction Industry Transformation Map (ITM). It is a game-changing method of construction which involves construction being designed for manufacturing off-site in a controlled environment, before being assembled on-site.
面向制造和装配的设计(DfMA)是新加坡建筑业转型地图(ITM)的一个关键支柱。这是一种改变游戏规则的施工方法，包括在现场组装之前，在一个受控的环境下为生产而设计的施工。
Prefabricated Bathroom Unit
Prefabricated Bathroom Unit (PBU) is a bathroom unit, which is preassembled off-site complete with finishes, sanitary wares, concealed pipes, conduits, ceiling and bathroom cabinets, before it is delivered and installed on-site.
预制件浴室单元(PBU)是一种浴室单元，在现场交付和安装之前，在现场外预装完成，包括饰面、卫生洁具、隐蔽管道、天花板和浴室柜。
Why use PBUs
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Improved Productivity– Manpower and time savings of up to 30% can be achieved at trade level.
提高生产力-在贸易层面可节省高达30%的人力和时间。
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Better Construction Environment– Less dust and noise is generated as bathroom fixtures and finishing are completed off-site.
更好的施工环境——由于浴室设备和装修是在场外完成的，因此产生的灰尘和噪音更小。
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Improved Quality Control– Off-site fabrication can result in higher quality end products through quality control in a factory-like environment.
改进的质量控制——通过在类似工厂的环境中进行质量控制，场外制造可以产生更高质量的最终产品。
What to consider when using PBUs
使用PBUs时要考虑什么
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Early contractor involvement– Developers/project managers should engage a PBU supplier and main contractor during the design stage of the project. Layout and detailing of the PBU needs to be considered early to ensure that structural, architectural and MEP considerations are addressed before fabrication begins.
早期承包商的参与——在项目的设计阶段，开发商/项目经理应该与PBU供应商和主承包商合作。PBU的布局和细节需要尽早考虑，以确保在制造开始前处理好结构、建筑和MEP方面的考虑。
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Site / project management– The weight, installation method and placement of PBUs should be taken into consideration when deciding the capacity of the lifting equipment. Forward planning to ensure assembly of the PBUs are completed ahead of time in the factory and delivered to site just in time for installation would prevent unnecessary double handling.
现场/项目管理-在决定起重设备的能力时，应考虑PBUs的重量、安装方法和位置。预先计划，确保PBUs的装配在工厂提前完成，并及时交付到现场安装，可以避免不必要的双重搬运。
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Maintenance, replacement and renovation– All PBUs should have a Manufacturer’s Label containing key details of the PBU and manufacturer’s contact information. Similar to conventional bathrooms, tile finishes on PBUs can be replaced, while provisions of barrier-free accessibility design are provided for. It is good practice for developers/builders to provide a homeowner user manual for the PBU. For any renovation works, it is recommended for homeowners to engage a contractor who would use the appropriate tools and follow the instructions provided in the homeowner user manual.
维护、更换和翻新——所有PBUs都应该有一个制造商标签，其中包含PBU的关键细节和制造商的联系信息。与传统浴室类似，PBUs上的瓷砖饰面可以替换，同时提供无障碍设计的规定。对于开发商/建筑商来说，为PBU提供房主用户手册是一个很好的做法。对于任何装修工程，建议业主聘请承包商使用适当的工具，并遵循业主使用手册中提供的说明。
