本文授权转载自公众号sbp施莱希工程设计咨询(sbp_engineering)

作者：丁浩-sbp

建筑设计师高迪曾经说过:“直线属于人类,而曲线归于上帝。”无论是从结构上还是施工上，采用曲线相较于直线的项目各方面的处理难度都有一个质的变化。高效的轮辐式的大跨结构、极具视觉效果的曲形景观人行桥以及灵动的自由曲线屋盖结构，无一不是人类对曲线美的追求。

Antonio Gaudi, an architect, once said: “The straight line belongs to Man. The curved line belongs to God.” Compared with straight line system, a curve system also means substantial difference in terms of difficulty in structure design and constructing. Efficient spoke-wheel roof system, visually enjoyable pedestrian bridges, flexible free-form monocoque, etc, all of these systems reflect human’s pursuit of beauty of the curve.

▲ 慕尼黑奥林匹克体育场 © sbp/Michael Zimmermann

时至今日，复杂结构形式在设计理论上已经相对完善，但项目的最终呈现效果，最终须依托于施工控制。

Today, we already have a relatively sound theory in complicated structure design, however, to finally realize the design with satisfying effect depends on reliable constructing technology and effective control during constructing.

基于之前几期介绍的轮辐式结构体系，本期 StructureTalks 特别邀请钢结构加工与精度控制方法的专家林美坤，通过一问一答的方式来一起探讨：“如何在各种复杂条件下从施工控制的角度来确保最后结构能达到设计的要求。”

Based on our previous introduction about spoke-wheel system, this time, we invited Meikun (Peter) Lin to discuss “How we can ensure, under various boundary conditions, the final realization meet the requirement of structure design, especially from the perspective of construction technology.”

▲ 苏州奥林匹克体育中心 © sbp

一般上来讲，在通过一系列的找形和优化后的结构体系，设计将依据整体结构的施工完成态几何，进行施工图的绘制，而后续的各种深化施工均基于此完成态来进行。从理论上来讲，各项基于这个完成态的工作是能够实现的，但是工程上还是有相当难度的。

Generally, after series of structure form finding and optimization the designer will give an end-state, which is used for construction drawings and all following works like workshop drawing will also rely on that state. In theory, the end-state could be easily realized, but in praxis there are still some difficulties.

▲Al-Rayyan体育场现场施工图，图片来源：https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-rayyan-stadium/progress

丁浩：例如在标准的400m跑道体育场上，对应的拉压环的长度大约也在400m左右，如此长度的环形封闭式构件，能够通过较为有效的方法来控制加工精度吗？

Hao Ding: A standard stadium with a 400m long runway usually consist of an approx. 400m long tension and compression ring. For such a closed400m longcurve structure, is there an effective method to control the accuracy of its lengths and position?

林美坤：大型复杂的结构会被按照一定的规则划分开来，并在工厂中分段分块的拼装制造，待这些分段运输至现场以后，现场的安装团队又会按照严格的拼装和安装工艺将这些分段逐步的拼装到位，最后完成整个复杂结构的安装。因此，一套合适的制造安装工艺是关键，同时为了保证加工精度，一套内嵌于整个制造安装工艺的测控系统也是不可或缺的。

Meikun (Peter) Lin:As per the pre-set rules and the procedure, a large and complex structure could be fabricated in different parts, and after the fabrication and inspection, those parts will be shipped to site for erection. As per site erection procedure, this large and complex structure will be installed piece by piece until the whole structure is completed. Therefore, it is obvious that a proper fabrication and erection procedure is one of the keys to ensure successful installation, in the meantime, to ensure fabrication and erection accuracy, a proper geometry control procedure should be best-fitted into the fabrication and erection procedure.

严谨的测控系统离不开以下几点：

A rigorous geometry control system rely on the following factors:

• 专业的人员：实操经验丰富的测量工程师，助手，测量数据后处理人员；

• professional staffs: experienced survey engineers, assistants, survey data processing personne

• 专业的工具：全站仪或更高精度的设备及配件，以及经纬仪、水平仪、激光垂直仪、尺、点温计等；

• professional tools: total-station or equipment with higher precision, theodolite, auto level, laser plummet, ruler, line, point thermometer, etc

• 专业的数据后处理方法：如钢板温度矫正，坐标系转换，数据最小二乘法拟合等；

• professional data-processing methods: steel temperature correction, coordinate transformation, data best fit with least square principle and so on

• 专业的文件控制：原始数据文件管理，后处理数据库，点命名规则，文件命名机制，可读性及可追溯性强的报告模板，公差文件等；

• professional file control: management of raw data file, post-processing database, rules of point naming, rules of file naming, report templates with good readability and traceability, tolerance files, etc

• 误差跟踪–纠偏系统：操练团队需要及时将误差反馈给加工制造团队，并给出正确的纠偏建议；

• Error Tracking – Correction System: The errors shall be tracked and related correction strategy shall be reported to fabrication team in time

• 更为特殊的方法就是设计出合理且可循环利用的工装来保证重要节段的制造。

• A more specific way is to design a special jig to maintain the key geometry during fabrication of important segments.

下面是我认为拉压环的控制要点：

The following are main points of doing TR and CR fabrication control, in my opinion.

1. 拉环tension ring:

• 索或者钢拉杆的长度控制 – 需要供应商按照设计要求正确设置在公差范围内的长度

• control oflengthof rod or cable – the supplier is required to correctly set the length according to the drawings of design.

• 拉环节点的尺寸控制

• control ofdimensionof details

2. 压环：单个分段的长度，连接板的三维角度（法向量），栓接孔及连接孔的孔位

Compression ring: including control of overall length of single element, 3D position of unit vector of each end plate and 3D position of bolt holes and lug holes.

▲ Al-Rayyan体育场现场施工图，图片来源：https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-rayyan-stadium/progress

丁浩：体育场馆空间三维受力变形的特性，往往二维的构件尺寸监控系统已经不够用了，这个时候三维的监控必不可少了，对此有什么是需要特别注意的吗？

Hao Ding: A 2D measurement system is not enough for space like a stadium that will bear forces from three dimensions, thus a 3D measurement is necessary. Is there anything to specially pay attention to?

林美坤：测量团队在采集某个分段的重要特征点信息时，他们需要在各个分段上设置控制点，点数一般不少于4个，这些控制点形成的控制网会将重要的特征点信息覆盖其中，换句话说，这些控制点就代表了这些特征点信息，代表了这个分段。后处理团队会将这些分段根据特征点信息跟设计模型对齐，得到误差报告，之后这些带有控制点的分段数据模型会被组织到数据库中。需要另外说明的是，在设置控制点的时候，需要考虑到结构的刚性，刚性越好，结构变形越小，控制点形成的控制网就越稳定。

Meikun (Peter) Lin:Before the survey, the survey team will place no less than 4 control points on the segment, and those control points form a control network for all the key features in the survey. In future survey and calculation, those control points stand for this segment. After taking all key features with the control points, the post-processing team will best fit the survey model into the design model and make a report to present the result, in the meantime, all 3D information of this segment will be organized into the survey database. It is necessary to say that the structure stiffness should be considered during control network building, the more stiffener the structure is, the more stable the control network stays.

在每次结构监控测量中，测量团队只需要采集相应分段的控制点，之后数据后处理人员会调取这个分段的数据库，并利用控制点信息反算出需要监控的三维信息，从而达到监控的目的。这种方法要求测控团队在前期花大量的时间跟精力来采集分段信息，但是所有的花费都是值得的，因为他们所建立的控制网会对以后的结构监控带来极大的便利，特别是对那些隐藏且及其重要的节点信息的监控。

After that the survey team only needs to survey the control points. The post-processing team will best fit the corresponding segment data from the database into new survey model so that the key features could be back solved for purpose of monitoring. This method requires the team to spend additional time collecting key feature information for different segments, but it’s all worth it when this system brings great convenience in future monitoring survey, especially in the important hidden information survey.

▲ Al-Rayyan体育场现场施工图，图片来源：https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-rayyan-stadium/progress

丁浩：至结构全部完工，一般不仅仅需要在工厂下料时做足准备，现场施工也要特别关注。那么现场安装需要注意些什么？

Hao Ding:Before the structure is completed, it is generally necessary to pay attention not only to the workshop but also to the site. Any tips for installing on site?

林美坤：现场的施工团队需要跟工厂做好工艺文件的交接工作，在充分了解制造误差以后，拟定好安装纠偏方案。结构的控制点数据库交接也是非常重要的，后处理人员可以利用这些结构控制网计算出相应结构的重要特征信息，可以为现场的监控测量带来极大的便利。

Meikun (Peter) Lin:For geometry control and correction purpose, the site team should study the documents including fabrication procedure and segment report before any erection activity. Special attention should be paid to survey control network database as it could bring great convenience.

▲ Al-Rayyan体育场现场施工图，图片来源：https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-rayyan-stadium/progress

丁浩：在卡塔尔Al Rayyan体育馆中压环的总长最终偏差仅为+1.3mm，精度控制通过有效的手段达到了L/400000至L/300000。可是按照中国规范，大跨结构精度控制范围往往为L/5000至L/10000。二者对比，说明通过有效的技术手段是可以实现高精度的要求。能具体谈谈在这个项目上为达到精度控制要求碰到的最大困难是什么吗？

Hao Ding: For Al Rayyan Stadium, as we just discussed that the total length error of compression ring was only +1.3mm. The accuracy can approach between L/400000 and L/300000 via a valid way.According to Chinese code the accuracy of big span structure is always required between L/5000 and L/10000. So from this project we can see that it is possible to get a very good accuracy of a structure, but the key point is to find a scientific and efficient way. Can you talk about the most challengeable thing in controlling accuracy for this project?

▲ Al-Rayyan体育场现场施工图，图片来源：https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-rayyan-stadium/progress

林美坤：最大的困难在于压环的端板焊后机加工，这一步工作是保证压环最终几何符合要求的关键。

Meikun (Peter) Lin:The most challengeable thing is the machining after compression ring endplate welding.

在端板焊接完成以后，测量人员利用高精度测量设备采集单个压环端头的信息。在测量期间，测量人员也会利用高精度点温计采集钢板温度。在数据分析阶段，数据后处理人员对数据模型做温度矫正处理后，他会将矫正后的数据与理论模型逐项比对，从而得到端头的机加工量和机加工角度。

The survey team performs post-weld survey after the compression ring endplate welding – the steel temperature data will be collected too. The post-processing team then corrected the survey mode from the actual steel temperature to design temperature, after this, the temperature corrected data will be aligned with the design model to get the machining green material and orientation angle.

在工厂加工阶段，为了保证定位的快速准确，工厂为压环特制了支撑胎架。每个压环在上胎架以后，施工人员会利用全站仪对压环进行大致定位，然后机加工人员会利用百分表将压环精确定位到施焊后数据分析报告要求的位置。

A special positioning jig is designed for fast and accurate setup of machining. Use total station to roughly place the segment in front of the milling machine, after this, this segment will be precisely placed to the calculated position based on the post-weld survey data with dialgage.

在单个压环完成机加工以后，测量人员再次采集这个压环的整体数据，后处理人员会将各个压环虚拟拼装起来，并给出误差累计报告，以便施工队为后续工作做纠偏处理。

The survey team will perform another survey called post-machining survey to collect the survey data after segment machining. The post-processing team will do the virtual trial assembly in a specially designed software to study the machining quality and make error accumulation report for the construction team to correct the fabrication of overall compression ring.

▲ Al-Rayyan体育场现场施工图，图片来源：https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-rayyan-stadium/progress

结构型体对建筑物使用阶段的受力至关重要，如何系统的、可行的和有效的基于施工层面而有高于施工层面的怎样确保完工的建筑物的各处定位与设计保持一致？相信通过本次访谈主题“如何在各种复杂条件下从施工控制的角度来确保最后结构能达到设计的要求”，大家都会有一些心得体会。

The ending shape of a building is very important for the capacity of structure. How can we scientifically, viably and effectively ensure that the ending position of key nodes of the building approaches the same place of design. We hope we’ve got some ideas from this dialogue with Mr. Lin.

最后非常感谢林美坤先生能够在百忙之中参与本期公众号的访谈，分享在具体项目当中的宝贵经验。

At last, we would like to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Lin Meikun for taking time out of his busy schedule to accept this interview and share his valuable experience with us.

Al-Rayyan体育场仍在施工当中，由于版权原因无法分享现场施工图片，已展示图片均来源于如下链接，大家有兴趣可通过以下网页浏览2022年卡塔尔世界杯各个相关场馆的信息。

Al-Rayyan is currently still under construction, due to copyright issue we cannot share more site photos. All pictures ofAl-Rayyanstadium in this article are from the following webpage. You can also look through more information about 2022 Qatar Worldcup venues through this website.

https://sc.qa/en/stadiums/al-rayyan-stadium/progress

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