一大早，读了文章，土木工程的内容，整理下，发给大家。

CIVIL  ENGINEERING 土木工程

Civilengineering is that branch of engineering which aims to provide a comfortableand safe living for the people. Shelter, one of the primary needs of mankind,is provided by civil engineers. The efficient planning of water supply andirrigation systems is increases the food production in country. Shelters, apartfrom just being shelters, have been constructed by civil engineers to provide apeaceful and comfortable life. The engineering marvels of the world, startingfrom the pyramids to today’s thin shell structures, are the result of thedevelopment in civil engineering. Communication lines like roads, railways,bridges, etc. without which development is impossible, are fruits of civilengineers, work.

土木工程是为人民提供舒适、安全的生活的工程分支。土木工程师提供的庇护所是人类的主要需求之一。有效的供水和灌溉系统规划是提高农村粮食产量的关键。避难所，除了作为避难所，已经由土木工程师建造提供了一个和平和舒适的生活。从金字塔到今天的薄壳结构，世界工程奇迹都是土木工程发展的结果。公路、铁路、桥梁等通信线路是土木工程师工作的成果，没有他们就不可能发展。

1  Scope of Civil Engineering  土木工程的范围

Anydiscipline of engineering is a vast field with various specialisations, The majorspecialisations of civil engineering are listed below:

任何一门工程学科都是一个具有各种专业的广阔领域，土木工程的主要专业列在下面：

1.Structural engineering    结构工程

2.Geotechnical engineering    岩土工程

3.Fluid mechanics, hydraulics and hydraulic machines    流体力学、水力学和液压机械

4. Transportationengineering   交通运输工程

5.Water supply, sanitary and environmental engineering    给水、卫生与环境工程

6.Irrigation engineering    灌溉工程

7.Surveying, levelling and remote sensing   测量、水准与遥感

2.1  Structural Engineering    结构工程

Structuralengineering is the most important specialisation in civil engineering. Theconstruction of a structure needs efficient planning, design and method of constructionto serve the purpose fully. Generally there are five major steps in anyconstruction project. These include the following:

结构工程是土木工程中最重要的专业。结构的施工需要有效的规划、设计和施工方法，才能充分服务于这一目的。一般来说，在任何建设项目中有五个主要步骤，包括：

1.Positioning and arranging the various parts of the structure into a definiteform to achieve best utilisation.

将结构的各个部分定位并排列成一定的形式以便最佳利用各部分构件。

2.Finding out the magnitude, direction and nature of various forces acting on thestructure.

了解作用于结构上的各种力的大小、方向和性质

3.Analysing  the structure to know thebehaviour of the various part of the structure subjected to the above forces.

分析结构以了解结构各部分受力性能。

4Designing the structure such that its stability under the action of variousload is ensured.

结构设计，保证了结构在各种荷载作用下的稳定性。

5.Executing the work with selected construction materials and skilled workers.

与选定的建筑材料和熟练工人一起执行工作。

2.2  GeotechnicalEngineering    岩土工程

Forthe efficient functioning of any structure built on earth, the behaviour ofsoil must be known. Geotechnical engineering gives the basic idea about thesoil. this branch also deals with the following aspects:   为使在地基上的建筑育雏充分地发挥作用，必须了解地基特性。岩土工程给出了地基土的基本概念。这一分支还涉及以下几个方面：

1.Thepropeirties and behaviour of soil as a material under “soilmechanics”’,

“土力学”下岩土的性能；

2.The various types of foundations for a structure, for a machine, ete;. and theirsuitability. Geotechnical Engineering also deals with the analysis design andconstruction of foundation.

结构各种类型的基础，如机器等的基础及其适用性。岩土工程还涉及地基的分析设计和施工。

2.3  Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines  流体力学、水力学和液压机械

Fluidmechanics deals with the properties and behaviour of fluids at rest or inmotion. The principles of fluid mechanics can be applied to daily life as inthe case of the flight of planes, the movement of fish in water, and thecirculation of blood in the veins.

流体力学研究静止或运动的流体的特性和行为。流体力学原理可应用于日常生活，如飞机飞行、鱼在水中的游动和静脉中的血液循环。

Thedesign of hydraulic structures, such as dams and regulators, require the forceexerted by water and the behaviour of water under pressure.

水坝和调节器等水工结构的设计需要水所施加的力和水在压力下的行为。

Machineswhich utilise the hydraulic energy are called hydraulic machines. For example,turbines use potential energy of water to generate power. Pumps are deviceswhich utilise mechanical energy to lift water. The efficient working of theabove machines depends upon the fluid behaviour which is dealt with in

this discipline.

利用液压能的机器称为液压机。例如，涡轮机利用水的势能来发电。泵是利用机械能来提升水的装置，上述机器的有效工作取决于这门学科。

2.4  Transportation Engineering    交通运输工程

Thedevelopment of a nation mainly depends on the communication facilities available.A nation’s wealth is measured in terms of the road and railway facilitiesavailable. There are three modes of transportation viz, land, water and air. Thisspecialisation deals with the design, construction and execution of the communicationroutes.

一个国家的发展主要取决于现有的通信设施。一个国家的财富是以可用的公路和铁路设施来衡量的。有三种交通方式，即陆地、水上和空中。这个专业研究通信线路的设计、建造和实施。

Thedifferent branches of transportation engineering include the following: highwayengineering deals engineering deals with the with the planning and designing ofroads, railway engineering deals with the railway tracks, harbour engineeringdeals with the harbours and airport engineering deals with the airports.

交通工程的不同分支包括：公路工程涉及道路的规划和设计，铁路工程涉及铁路轨道，港口工程涉及港口和机场工程。

2.5  Water Supply, Sanitary and Environmental Engineering    给水、卫生与环境工程

Withoutfood man can survive for days but not without water. The responsibility  of providing potable (drinking) water to thepublic and disposing the waste water safely is that of a civil engineer. Thesources of water are precipitation and underground water.

没有食物，人类可以存活数天，但不能没有水。向人民提供饮用水并安全处理废水是土木工程师的职责。水的来源有降水和地下水。

Watersupply engineering deals with the location, collection of water, its treatmentmethods, test for standard limits and efficient supply of water.

供水工程涉及水的定位、收集、处理方法、标准限度试验和有效供水。

Usedwater, solid wastes, toxic wastes, etc. cannot be disposed directly since theseaffect the environment. Hence these have to be treated and tested for thestandard limits and the disposed. Sanitary engineering deals with thecollection of used water, their treatment methods and effective disposal whichsafeguards the whole world. The natural and artificial wastes generated andreleased into the atmosphere have upset the natural equilibrium. Anthropogenicor human-induced pollutants have overloaded the system.

使用过的水、固体废物、有毒废物等对环境有影响，不能直接处理。因此，这些必须进行处理和测试，以获得标准限值和处置。卫生工程涉及废水的收集、处理方法和有效处置，它保护着整个世界。自然和人造废物产生并排放到大气中，破坏了自然平衡。人类或人类引起的污染物已经超越了系统能力。

  The role of an environmental engineer is tobuild a bridge between biology and technology by applying all the techniques tothe job of cleaning the debris. Environmental engineering deals with the methodsof protecting the environment from the deleterious effects of human activitywhich would result in the improvement of environmental quality for the wellbeing of mankind.

环境工程师的作用是通过将所有技术应用于清理垃圾的工作，在生物学和技术之间架起一座桥梁。环境工程研究保护环境免受人类活动有害影响的方法，这种有害影响将导致改善环境质量，造福人类。